Mechanical Engineering Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Mechanical Engineering - Research Paper Example Bureau of Labor Statistics 1; America Society of Mechanical Engineers 1). He is also required to understand things such as the ability of the product to persevere the thermal environment and the forces they will be subjected to. Mechanical engineering plays a critical role in industries such as automotive (car chassis, transmission, sensors and engines), aerospace (control systems for spacecraft and airplanes, aircraft engines, and airplanes), biotechnology, (prosthetic devices, and implants), and other industries such as computers and electronics (semiconductor tools, cooling systems, disk drives and printers). In other words, mechanical engineering takes care of everything that moves (Columbia University 1). Mechanical engineering is a field that includes a broad collection of research areas. Mechanical engineering entails the design, analysis, control, and manufacture of fluid, thermal, and solid mechanical systems. It also involves system integration, innovation use of technology, and creation and development of new markets and products, and it offers the solution to problems facing products (National Research Council 2). This entails optoelectrical-mechanical materials, machines, structures, and Nano- and micro scale devices. The most important aspects of the field include combustion, heat transfer (and other processes of energy conversion), fluid mechanics, tribology, biomechanics, solid mechanics (fracture mechanics also included), and education and management linked with the above areas (National Research Council 3). Mechanical engineering is central to the success of medicine. It plays an important role in medical instrumentation, medical devices, prostheses, and tissue engineering. It also plays a critical role in accomplishing energy independence. The national response to alternative energy sources involves the science of mechanical engineering, and

Hrm Ulrichs Model Essay Example for Free

Hrm Ulrichs Model Essay ?Briefly describe the major features you would expect to find in an HR function which has adopted the Ulrich Model as the basis for its structure. The HR model as defined by Ulrich (1997) states that HR function should be: 1. Strategic Partners: Sit at the managerial table and contribute to the organisations strategy and alignment of HR strategy. Communicates efficiently with line management. Understands the business environment and drives key business processes and activities 2. Change Agents: Support, facilitate and initiate change, act as a stabilising force for employees in times of change 3. Employee Champions: Takes action to protect the interests and well being of the employees and ensuring they are the voice of the employee. 4. Administrative Experts: Ensures polices and procedures are up to date, they are legally compliant and have the ability to deliver innovative HR practices in HR recruitment, employee development and communication In the 1990’s Dave Ulrich moved to the three legged stool model for the organisation of the HR Function, this provided Centres of excellence This is a HR unit or an outsourced facility that provides HR services to a number of parties within the organisation. HR experts provide high level advice and solutions on key services and hr activities such as training and development, recruitment, reward and employee relations. Strategic Business Partners Senior HR Managers work closely with business leaders and line managers to contribute to the overall organisations strategy and align with HR strategy. They understand the business environment and drive key business processes and activities. HRM are expected to be creative Shared Services centres Large organisations provide a centralised HR function which deliver routine HR administration such as payroll, recruitment administration or absence monitoring.

Euthanasia is Morally Wrong :: Against Euthanasia

The matter of euthanasia continues to be a contentious issue within today’s society. Over the past years, there have been a slew of debates that have tried to justify the practice of assisted suicide, otherwise known as euthanasia. Gallup’s survey in 2007 served to illustrate this fact by showing that over 75 percent of Americans believe that euthanasia should be permitted. However, what Americans have failed to discern is that legalizing any form of euthanasia goes against the sanctity of life and will result in no limitations to the justifications of why it is being performed. It seems as if society has become so debauched that the American people honestly feel that they can condone ending the life of a precious individual. Perhaps in order for one to construct a fitting viewpoint on euthanasia, one must be knowledgeable on the philology and background of euthanasia, along with having a clear comprehension of some underlying terms. Euthanasia is a term which â€Å"derived from the Greek word â€Å"euthanatos†, meaning simply a good death† (Perri, 1996). This word is extremely vulnerable to the various interpretations of all people; therefore, many people fall short when it comes to understanding the two distinct types of euthanasia. These two unique types are known as active and passive euthanasia. Active euthanasia is described as being â€Å"the deliberate ending of a person’s life with the intent of reducing that person’s suffering† (Perri, 1996). For instance, active euthanasia can be as simple as injecting a patient with a harmful toxin. On the other hand passive euthanasia is typically defined as the â€Å"withdrawing of medical treatment with the intention of causing the patient's death† ("Types of euthanasia," 2001). Now an example of passive euthanasia is simply when a patient is perishing and the doctor choices not to recover them. Now it is imperative that one recognizes the distinction between active and passive euthanasia. Another aspect in which euthanasia can be classified is as involuntary or voluntary. Involuntary euthanasia â€Å"is when a patient’s life is ended without the patient’s knowledge and consent† ("Types of euthanasia," 2001). A perceptible example of involuntary euthanasia is when a patient is in a coma and does not have the capability to decide what should happen to him. Lastly, the subject of voluntary euthanasia is â€Å"the patient requests that an action be taken to end his life, or that life-saving treatment be stopped, with full knowledge that this will lead to his death† ("Types of euthanasia," 2001).

Neutralisation - How much acid is required to neutralise a base :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Neutralisation - How much acid is required to neutralise a base Introduction ============ Neutralisation is the reaction of a base with an acid to form a neutral solution; which contains salt and water. Acid + Base Salt + Water --------------------------- In my experiment I am trying to find out how much acid it takes to neutralise a base to form a neutral solution. I will use one molar of Nitric Acid as the acid and one molar of Ammonium Hydroxide as the base. So this will be a 1:1 ratio. (Molarity = how many molecules of the acid or alkali per 1000 cm3 (1 litre) of water.) Nitric Acid + Ammonium Hydroxide à   Ammonium Nitrate + Water ----------------------------------------------------------- HNO + NH OH NH NO + H O Ionic bonding must take place to form the salt and the water. Ions have been formed because the original atoms have lost or gained electrons. These ions then have electrical charges because they do not have the same amount of positive protons and negative electrons. Atoms that loose electrons are called cations and have a positive charge. Atoms that have gained an electron and have a negative charge are called anions. The General equation for making water is: H + OH H O --------------- In this equation the Hydrogen ion has lost and electron and has become a cation with a positive charge. The Hydroxide ion has gained an electron and has become a negatively charged anion. Ionic bonds are created when ions combine in order to share and thus become electrically stable. From the main neutralisation equation I have circled the parts to make water: HNO + NH OH à   NH NO + H O Equipment Ammonium Hydroxide – (base) Nitric Acid – (acid) Methyl Oxide - (to show the pH of the solution) Clamp – (to hold the burette safely and securely in place) Burette - (to hold the acid) White Tile – Funnel – (to pour the acid into the burette) Goggles - (to protect the eyes) Conical Flask – (to hold the base) Measuring Cylinder – (to measure out the acid and the base) Preliminary Before we began our practical our teacher performed the experiment as an example to our class. The teacher set up the equipment as shown above. She informed us of the safety precautions and then began the experiment. She used 20ml of Ammonium Hydroxide (base), placing that in the conical flask. Then she added 6 drops of Methyl Orange (indicator). From the Burette she added 12ml of Nitric acid and swilled the conical flask. After this point she decided to control the amount added to the base and indicator by using the burette. Neutralisation - How much acid is required to neutralise a base :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation Neutralisation - How much acid is required to neutralise a base Introduction ============ Neutralisation is the reaction of a base with an acid to form a neutral solution; which contains salt and water. Acid + Base Salt + Water --------------------------- In my experiment I am trying to find out how much acid it takes to neutralise a base to form a neutral solution. I will use one molar of Nitric Acid as the acid and one molar of Ammonium Hydroxide as the base. So this will be a 1:1 ratio. (Molarity = how many molecules of the acid or alkali per 1000 cm3 (1 litre) of water.) Nitric Acid + Ammonium Hydroxide à   Ammonium Nitrate + Water ----------------------------------------------------------- HNO + NH OH NH NO + H O Ionic bonding must take place to form the salt and the water. Ions have been formed because the original atoms have lost or gained electrons. These ions then have electrical charges because they do not have the same amount of positive protons and negative electrons. Atoms that loose electrons are called cations and have a positive charge. Atoms that have gained an electron and have a negative charge are called anions. The General equation for making water is: H + OH H O --------------- In this equation the Hydrogen ion has lost and electron and has become a cation with a positive charge. The Hydroxide ion has gained an electron and has become a negatively charged anion. Ionic bonds are created when ions combine in order to share and thus become electrically stable. From the main neutralisation equation I have circled the parts to make water: HNO + NH OH à   NH NO + H O Equipment Ammonium Hydroxide – (base) Nitric Acid – (acid) Methyl Oxide - (to show the pH of the solution) Clamp – (to hold the burette safely and securely in place) Burette - (to hold the acid) White Tile – Funnel – (to pour the acid into the burette) Goggles - (to protect the eyes) Conical Flask – (to hold the base) Measuring Cylinder – (to measure out the acid and the base) Preliminary Before we began our practical our teacher performed the experiment as an example to our class. The teacher set up the equipment as shown above. She informed us of the safety precautions and then began the experiment. She used 20ml of Ammonium Hydroxide (base), placing that in the conical flask. Then she added 6 drops of Methyl Orange (indicator). From the Burette she added 12ml of Nitric acid and swilled the conical flask. After this point she decided to control the amount added to the base and indicator by using the burette.

Great Gatsby and the American Dream

The Great Gatsby and the American Dream There is really no set definition of what the American Dream is, everyone has different views on what they see it as. The main idea of the American Dream is pretty much making it big and being successful in life, having everything you need, wealth, prosperity, love and happiness. Jay Gatsby portrays the American Dream in some senses but not to its full potential.Throughout the novel The Great Gatsby the American Dream isn’t shown in its positive light but, more of the opposite of that: more of the downfall or failure of it. Everyone wanted to be living the American Dream – the pursuit of happiness in life. In the 1920’s instead of going for things that brought happiness everyone seemed to revolve around money, wealth, and power. Instead of finding happiness with what they had they were all trying to attain money and power and believed this would lead to happiness.If they had all that already they took it all for granted and didn’t see everything that they had right there in front of them. Although it may have seemed someone had it all on the outside, once you really knew the person you could see that they weren’t living the best life and weren’t that much better than anyone else. The American Dream took a lot to actually achieve and no one really lived the actual dream because of many reasons but they were living some aspects of it.The three main characters fail to pursue the American Dream to its entirety – for Gatsby he tried to be something he wasn’t only so he could get Daisy and love, without this he was nothing; for Daisy it was because of greed she lived for money and social status which got in the way of her happiness and being with who she really loved; and for Tom his money gets in the way of morals and he took everything he had in front of him for granted. Jay Gatsby went from nothing to something to try to win over Daisy.His American Dream wasn’t a bout having material things, although it involved having to get them, instead it was trying to get the love of Daisy. Earlier in his life when he first fell in love with Daisy he was a poor man and Daisy didn’t want that at all. Due to Gatsby’s low social standing she wouldn’t be with him. Gatsby wanted a better life and he thought he could do it if he put his mind to it, which is also a part of the American Dream. Eventually he got money and became rich but he did this through illegal methods.This is the complete opposite of what the American Dream is because it’s supposed to be achieved through good virtue and hard work. He threw extravagant parties only to try and get close to Daisy, hoping that she would show up to them, but he himself never actually attended his parties. He wasn’t living a very great life as it seemed to everyone else, it was all a lie. The only thing that gave his life meaning was Daisy and that was the one thing he couldnâ⠂¬â„¢t have.She only came back to Gatsby after Gatsby attained his millions and was part of the high social class, but his life still wasn’t very stable. This shows that she let wealth get in the way of her love. Daisy loved Gatsby but because of the fact that there was really no stability in his life she didn’t feel comfortable with it and wouldn’t leave Tom for him. She was after the money and because Tom was settled down she decided to stay with him where it was safe. Greed and the fact that money took priority over everything with her was what held her back from happiness and living the American Dream.Tom was cheating on Daisy but she still stayed with him regardless just because she was comfortable with that lifestyle of being in the upper class and being seen as wealthy. Tom was a rich, handsome, successful man with a wife and family, and everything going for him, but instead of being happy with what he had he went and ruined others’ lives. He cheat ed on Daisy with Myrtle who was married to Wilson and destroyed their marriage. His money got in the way of his morals, family, and living the American Dream.Tom and Daisy somewhat represent the American Dream through their wealth and prosperity this was only a part of the dream not the whole picture because they still weren’t happy they just possessed the material items. The American Dream is contradicted, everyone wanted it but no one lived it for what it was supposed to be. Gatsby in the end sees himself as a failure when Daisy chooses Tom instead of him. The failure of Gatsby's hoped for life relates to the failure of the American Dream. Without his dream Gatsby has nothing – nothing to keep him going, no direction, and no purpose to live.He was unsatisfied with life and in the end, Wilson had killed him. This shows that Jay Gatsby’s American Dream didn’t go anywhere and wasn’t satisfied to its full extent although he attempted to succeed he fa iled. The extent of the novel The Great Gatsby representing the American Dream is more of showing that the American Dream isn’t always achieved and doesn’t always work out the way you want it to or think it should. The American Dream is hard to achieve and it seems as if it’s impossible for anyone to actually achieve every aspect of it, so it is just what it is, a dream.

Punic War essays

Punic War essays The Punic Wars was a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage for a period of 118 years. Rome, one of the sides of these wars, was a immense empire whose influence covered much of the known world at the time. Carthage, the other player in the Punic Wars, was a city state on the North Coast of Africa which had partial control over Sicily before wars and whose location was ideal for trading ground in the Mediterranean. The first war (264-241 BC) started because a conflict between two different city states on the island of Sicily, Messana and Syracuse, had been going on and eventually both Rome and Carthage stepped in. During their intervention, Carthage began to control more and more of the island of Sicily. So because of Carthages expanding influence of Sicily, many Romans felt that Carthages authority in Sicily threatened them and their trading. Romans attacked and quickly gained Sicily back in their control. However, because of Romes lack of a navy they could not push Carthage back any farther. Rome soon built a navy. After C. Duilius won the first Roman sea battle of the Punic Wars, Rome dominated the sea winning all but one sea battle for the rest of the First Punic War. With Romes authority on land and at sea, Carthage surrendered after the Roman victory at the Aegates Islands in 241 BC. The peace lasted for twenty-three years before Carthages resentfulness in losing the first war brought them into a second. The centerstone of the Second Punic War was one man, Hannibal, and his reign on one of the great decisive wars of history.1 Hannibal in 218 BC crosses the Alps into the Po Valley with an elephant baggage train. He got the aid of the Guals, a people who were conquered by the Romans. Hannibal rolled through northern Italy winning every battle along the way. Meanwhile the Romans had control of the Mediterranean Sea and stopped reinforcements from Spa...

Animal Rehab Essays

Animal Rehab Essays Animal Rehab Essay Animal Rehab Essay Rehabilitating Animals What exactly is animal rehabilitation? The meaning of rehabilitation is to help restore something/someone so that it/they can hopefully readapt to life. Rehabilitating animals usually occurs through veterinarian care, building trust, creating companionship, and even recreating their habitat in the case of wildlife. There are different reasons for rehabilitating animals. The main reasons are injury, sickness, abandonment, or abuse. When it comes to wildlife, environmental dangers such as destruction of their habitat, getting hit by vehicles, orphaned or abandoned babies, and birds that have fallen from their nest, are more likely to be the cause. (Rehabilitating Animals) Requirements for obtaining jobs that work with animals are somewhat extensive yet, in some ways, simple. Some knowledge in biology and animal anatomy is needed to make sure to have a good understanding of the animal’s body and environment. Animal rehabilitators need to have extensive knowledge of the different species they will be working with. They also need to know a decent amount about their habitats and what they need in order to survive on their own in the wild. There are many jobs associated with caring for animals. Some of these are wildlife rehabilitators, veterinarians, animal rehabilitators for pets and farm animals, and wildlife managers. Many wildlife rehabilitators are members of the National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association and/or the International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council. Being a member of one or both of these helps rehabilitators to do more for the wildlife than what they do as part of their careers. Wildlife Rehabilitation as a Career) Jobs like the ones mentioned above require a variety of different educational levels. Veterinarians have to go to college for four regular undergraduate years. During these first four years they take pre-vet courses along with the regular required classes for a bachelor’s degree. After they have completed these first four years, they must complete four more years of actual veterinarian training. Once all eight years of college are completed they are certified as a Doctor of Veterinarian Medicine. Veterinary Education Requirements by Profession Level) If planning to be a wildlife rehabilitator someone can take a six month online course to become certified. If they want to further their education they can always take additional classes like this and even train somewhere local. In order to become a wildlife manager a person must have a four year degree within discipline. When it comes to rehabilitating pets and farm animals a person can either get certified as a wildlife rehabilitator or a person can always train under someone that already does this type of work. So, even though all these careers have to do with animals, they all require different educational levels. (Career Details- Wildlife Manager ; Wildlife Rehabilitation as a Career) Most people that go into the field of rehabilitation for animals do it purely for making a difference in the animals’ lives. If the person truly cares about the outcome of the animal, then money should not be a factor in helping animals in need. This is a major aspect of animal rehabilitation because rehabilitator’s income, if any is received at all, is low to moderate. Most of the time this work is done voluntarily or as an extra on-the-side job. More than likely, the people that is working with the animals to rehabilitate them do it from the heart not for money. Whether it be lending a helping hand at a shelter or running a rescue center out of someone’s own pocket, there are several ways to help out. Since having the expenses is such an important part of running a shelter, it is more common for someone to lend a hand instead of actually running the shelter themselves. Any person can help out just by looking around their neighborhood, in the paper, on the internet, or other resources for places that care for animals and volunteer work is needed. Other ways to lend a hand are to donate food supplies, money, or even the equipment needed to perform certain procedures. A person could also help out by purchasing land and building supplies for the construction of new rehabilitation centers. Many people would be surprised at the number of rehabilitation, care, and support centers for animals located in their own communities, towns, and cities. There are several centers that are not well known but can be found if sought after. Usually these are the ones that need more support and helping hands to meet their needs. Wildlife Rehabilitation as a Career) When it comes to a main cause for the need of rehabilitation, I am going to bring up animal-rights. The very reasons that brought about the animal-rights movement are some of the same reasons that bring forward the need for rehabilitation. Animal-rights are against the abuse and misuse of animals and for the animals to have their own rights as humans do. Supporters of the animal-rights movement are worried about the use of animals in pleasure hunting, killing for only certain parts of the animal, medical, and cosmetics testing. Some of the people that feel so strongly about the bad treatment of animals have even turned to vegetarianism. (Animal-Rights; Animal-Rights Movement) Animal-rights campaigns have been in a large degree responsible for the tightening of the reins on the use of animals in research. Whether it is lab rats, monkeys, or other laboratory animals, it is unfair to them as living things to be treated like this. Using animals for such experiments can leave them with lifelong scars, both emotionally and physically, and can even end up killing them. The scared animals are then in need of rehabilitation, love, and new found trust for humans, which may not even be of any help. Whether it is medical or cosmetic, the use of animals for testing must come to an end. (Animal-Rights Movement) Many people believe that animals do not have any rights and are a form of property only to support humans and their needs. Others believe quite differently. They believe that they are for the use of people as said in the Bible, but that they also have their own sense of being and have feelings just like humans. Still, there are others that believe animals are not property and should not help man in any way whatsoever. The animal-rights movement has over one-hundred groups in the United States that are interested in the welfare of animals. There are still those that believe that this movement is backed by extremist that will ruin the economic, political, and religious institutions. The animal-rights movement is also in action in Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and even New Zealand. (Thorburn) Some people may think that physical therapy for animals is a bit farfetched. However, when a person thinks of the nature and the benefits behind therapy for pets, it turns out to be the best option. It can help reduce the need for medication, help heal small injuries before they get worse, and even help with chronic problems. Physical therapy can be performed in many different ways. The main one is taking the time to get an animal use to humans and to expect and return love instead of fear and anger, as well as gaining a trusting relationship. Massages are another type and can be given by the owner or care giver. They are mainly used to relax the muscles and help to comfort the pet. Also, hypnotherapy is conducted in a pool or tank full of water, and it helps the pet exercise without causing extra stress or pain on the muscles and joints. (Mazis) It has been said that there has recently been a large increase in the amount of people giving physical therapy to pets. With this increase of people, a person can also get an increase of places offering this service. The requirements for the people offering this rehab are still widely varied in the since of both education and training. It is best to get someone that is professionally trained in rehabilitation/physical therapy and veterinary technology with good experience working with a person’s kind of pet. (McMahon) Physical therapy is a good choice for older animals due to their aging bodies. If an aging animal undergoes physical therapy when it reaches a certain age then it will continue to build its strength instead of becoming lazy and weak. Physical therapy is also a better choice for those with chronic musculoskeletal problems, such as hip dysplasia or arthritis, than medicine or even surgery might be. Since these disorders are usually treated with surgery, therapy is often a requirement for recovering. Undergoing physical therapy can help a pet or wild animal adjust to living with its conditions more comfortably then if it were to go without it. As one can see, physical therapy can be safer and less expensive than many other methods of treatment. Then only difficulty with physical therapy is that if it is not performed properly, it can result in injury for both humans and animals. Even if people know how to properly give physical therapy, they need to be trained to handle specific species. As always a specialist in physical therapy should be consulted before performing it on any animals without training. This type of work is becoming larger in many pet services such as pet stores, check-ups at the vet, pet spas, and many others. With these growing pet services, pet therapy is becoming more available in different areas as the benefits are becoming better known. Still yet finding the right physical therapist for one’s pet can be difficult depending on their location and what type of pet they own. Mazis) To fully understand the way that rehabilitation works, one would have to get involved. It takes a lot of time, patience, a gentle touch, and a caring heart. A person must be fully devoted to the cause and not get easily discouraged. Just like humans, animals need the attention and the support to fully rehabilitate. There are many different methods to rehabilitating animals. All of them require time, trust, and companionship in different levels. Shockingly this is n eeded whether a person is working with wildlife or companion pets. More of the ompanionship is needed with the pets than with the wildlife so that the wild animals can be returned to the wild. If someone is working with a pet that has been mistreated, the best approach is to let the animal come to them. Let it know that this person can be trusted and that they will not mistreat the animal. A person has to show them that not all humans are cruel and harmful. This will take time but most cases result in new found trust. On the other hand, someone dealing with an abandoned or injured pet the healing process is quite different. If the pet has been injured it mainly needs veterinarian care and the time to heal. More than likely, even if it is left with a defect, it will spring right back to normal. Sure, it may never exactly be the same animal it once was, but its spirit is still the same. If the pet has been abandoned, then someone really has the easiest job on their hands. The likely cause behind this abandonment is the lack of time to care for the animal or maybe even the lack of care and love for the animal. Most companion pets need just that, companionship. All they want and need is the love and attention that they strive for in order to be the best animal that they can be. One can either find them a new home with loving caregivers or even keep them themselves. These animals are the ones that are attention deprived, therefore, all they need to rehabilitate is that attention and care they have missed out on. Give them that, and a little extra love, and the caregiver will have a closed case every time. Now when it comes to rehabilitating wildlife, one has a whole different case on their hands. Yes, they too need the same amount of, if not more, time, trust, and definitely the patience as pets require. The main difference is that wildlife must also be taught how to use their instincts to help them survive in the wild. If the animal has been abandoned from birth then it will most likely require a lot more time to recover than others. A person has to decide what all the animal is going to need to survive based on the type of animal, its living conditions, and the animal’s age. Then a person has to help the animal learn how to live in its natural habitat so that it can later be returned to the wild. Throughout this process a person has to make sure that the animal does not get too attached to the caregiver. If it does then its release back into the wild could be difficult or dangerous for the animal as well as the caregiver. If the animal is injured then it could require a decent amount of time to recover but less than one that has been abandoned. This is because one that has been abandoned generally has more needs than an injured animal. In this case, a person would have to find the injury, try and fix whatever is wrong, and then help the animal to recover from the procedure as well as the shock. In both the cases where a person has an abandoned wild animal or an injured one the results could end out worse than a person had hoped. In order for the animal to survive, a person may end up having to raise it in captivity for the rest of its life. This is not what rehabilitators strive for. However, it is a better outcome than if the animal does not make it. It is quite rare that a person would run into a case of a wildlife animal that is being ill-treated. Even though this rarely happens, it is very possible to run into a situation such as this. It could be that a person has captured and kept a wild animal such as a skunk, ground hog, any wild birds, wolves, bobcats, or other animals of this type. Not only is capturing these animals a type of cruelty but the person may not be taking good care of the animal or has been mistreating it. In this situation, a person would just take the animal from the person’s possession, treat any wounds that the animal has, make sure it can survive if set out into the wild, and then treat it like a person would any other animal. As one can see there are a variety of ways to handle the rehabilitation of wildlife as well as companion pets. These that I have mentioned are just a few of the basic methods and situations that a person could run into. There are many more that people have discovered, or are perfecting, and even those that will be used in the future. There might even be some ways that have been used in the past but have yet to be discovered by today’s rehabilitators and historians. Just imagine all of the possibilities that could become reality for those that care about the welfare and health of companion pets and wildlife as well as the benefits for these animals. In conclusion, animal rehabilitation is one of those topics that more or less need to be discovered individually. Every person will have a different way of handling the rehabilitation process. Maybe they will come up with their own new way to administer the physical therapy, or perhaps they will use someone else’s already discovered tactics. Careers in animals rehabilitation, as stated before, are not numbered in plenty, but they are more than most people have noticed. These careers do not offer a large amount of money but they require non-expensive tools. These tools are love, attention, care, and the facility to house the rehabilitation. Animal rehabilitation is a profession that is in need of many more workers. Despite the many people that claim to care about animals and their rights as living things, not all of these people put forth an effort. It is understood that some may not have the expenses to do so, but simply offering a person’s love, time, and attention is all that is needed. Although one may not completely understand the work that is done, a helpful hand is always welcome. I strongly encourage anyone that has the time and patience to look around their neighborhood for a rehabilitation center and lend a helpful hand to those in need. Animal rehabilitation is full of new and improved ways for healing physically injured, emotionally harmed or distressed, abandoned, and orphaned animals. No matter which one of these â€Å"injuries† it is that the animal is going or has gone through, rehabilitation through physical therapy and loving care is just what the doctor ordered.

Career Essay

Career Essay Career Essay What distinguishes emotional thinking from systematic? What type of thinking should students use while writing career essays? Very often students emotions become motives for action or satisfaction of the needs or wants. The stronger the emotion, the more clearly is it associated with behavior and with motivation. If you want to write career research paper as an arguer, you should understand something of these emotional states and motivative drives. Hunger drives us to food; fear, to flight or resistance; anger, to personal or international wars; desire, to have a good mark for career goals and learning plan essay, career ambition essay or career essay 5 paragraph Career Essay Writer The emotional career essay writer, as thinker, in his language and mental processes, is typically a poor thinker. In language usage, for example, he/she is abstract, verbose, inaccurate, often colorful and bombastic. His/her sentence structure is complicated and dramatic. His/her "definitions" are loose, equivocal, framed to echo his biases. He/she usually substitutes assertion for fact; embellishes or distorts facts to support his drives and motives. He/she ignores authorities or selects those that coincide with his prejudices. His/her "evidence" is inconsistent and partial. He/she generalizes from few instances and ignores negative cases. His/her analogies are graphic but misleading. He/she thinks in "absolutes" and moves easily from one ill-supported premise to another equally untenable. All is couched in "allness" terminology and pseudo logic. He/she is given to name calling, appeals to tradition, humor, and fear. He/she eulogizes and denounces. He/she rationalizes, i.e., talks to a conclusion arbitrarily held previously and determined by his wants and hopes alone. Such college essay writer is merely ignorant, creating infantile argument and succumbing to the propaganda or specious argument that appeals to his wishes. College Career Essay Writing Such form of writing is 100% inappropriate for good career essay writing. College essay writer should avoid all features enumerated above. Attractive career essay must reflect your emotional state in the clear and bright form. Thus, if you find you can not keep your emotions while writing academic essay, we are ready to help you with your career essay assignment. Custom written career essay is deprived of emotional judgments. It is written strictly according to high academic standards. To prove your position, the competent writer uses only strong arguments and logical reasoning. All the instruction you provide us with is put in the process of custom writing process. We are always in touch with you in the case something is not clear. Read also: Womens Rights Essay Pride and Prejudice Essay Lord of the Flies Essay Law Essay Essay Example on Cause of Crime

Industrial tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Industrial tourism - Essay Example One of the things that Abbey hates most about modernity is the construction of highways and access roads through or into wildernesses and national parks, whether it is to connect distant places or to make them more accessible. According to him, the roads and highways reduce the â€Å"old magic† of real, genuine amusement that comes from using less-motorized means to explore the wild such as walking on foot or using bicycles. He strongly accuses the notion that the purpose of the roads is to enhance accessibility so that more people can experience nature in lesser time. To him, accessibility is just a curtain to blind the people of modernity’s real intention, which to him is making money. His argument is that no place is inaccessible if one is willing to, and that accessibility does not make sense since people have been too extreme regions of the world unaided by heavy motorized mechanisms. â€Å"What does accessibility mean? ...even Mount McKinley, even Everest, have b een summoned by men on foot †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Abbey 47). The second reason why Abbey is against modernity is that whatever it claims to be doing for the people is not true, claiming that the industrialization of tourism is merely for monetary gain. From his perspective, the motels, automotive industries, oil corporations, gas retailers, road constructors, and all other parties involved in the modernization of nature are all in the industry to make money, and that they care for neither the people nor nature itself. In addition, he reveals that in addition to being big business, it is a well-organized cartel inspired by the politics of the land. As he puts it, â€Å"Industrial Tourism is a big business. It means money †¦ and are represented in Congress with strength far greater than is justified†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (48). Abbey offers some corrective measures to change the attitudes of people from the ones already stained by modernization. For one, people should not take automobiles to n ational parks or in the wilderness. Just like they are not taking them to churches for their being â€Å"holy† so be it with parks as they are also holy. He suggests that people should be more natural: use their feet or enter the parks on animal backs. Second, he recommends that further construction of roads in the parks should stop, and the already existing roads to remain for use by those on bicycles. Lastly, he says that park rangers should do their work; to go out into the parks to guard and guide visitors, and not sit behind desks in booths selling tickets. Abbey adds that these measures will bring back the good old days of hiking, camping, and enjoying the wild in its natural form, not to mention that it is cheaper than using motorized assistance. He argues quite sensibly. If one forecasts the future, in the days when the population will have expanded, then it means the need for constructing more roads to connect more cities and towns that will have come up will grow. T his means more roads will appear in the wild. In addition, if we do not respect the natural parks and the wilderness, it means our population will lead to our encroaching on the natural geographies to create more dwelling places. Therefore, his argument for the monitoring of the growing population is very true. Abbey however chips in a little acknowledgement

OLS estimation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

OLS estimation - Assignment Example The respective means of these variables are 82.38, 80.77 and 44.66 and significant variability among the values taken by these variables is observed, implying a possibility that variations in attendance can potentially cause variations in marks. Other variables that can potentially affect performances in the course have to be accounted for to ensure a proper evaluation and so, â€Å"ability†, â€Å"age†, â€Å"hrss†, i,e., study hours are also explored. All these variables reflect strong variability and thus are all potential candidates as controls. (For details, see table 1 in appendix). Apart from simply looking at individual descriptive statistics, in order to obtain some idea about the interrelationships and potential causations, a table of scatter plots are also explored where â€Å"smarks† is the plotted as the y variable while â€Å"ability†, â€Å"age†, â€Å"hrss†, â€Å"alevelsa† â€Å"attl† as well as squared f orms of ability and attl as the x variables. From the plots (figure 2 in appendix), we find that both ability and its square seem to be positively correlated with marks. The variables â€Å"age† and â€Å"alevelsa† seem to have no associative patterns with marks. For attendance, our primary variable of interest, we find that there is evidence of clustering of values greater than the mean marks at the higher values of attl implying that higher lecture attendance rate is associated with better performances on average on the course. Further, it seems that there is some clustering at higher values of the squared lecture attendance rates. No correlation seems to be present between smarks and hrss from the last graph in the table. The interrelationships between these variables are important for regression specifications, since high correlations among independent variables may lead to multicollinearity. So, a scatterplot matrix is presented as figure 2 in the appendix. Theref ore, the summary statistics and the scatter plots, show that there is a strong possibility that class attendance influences performance along with other factors such as ability. Further, since some evidence of possible positive correlation between class performance as measured by â€Å"smarks† and the squares of â€Å"ability† and attendance, represented by â€Å"attl† were observed, the possibility of nonlinear dependence cannot be ignored. 2. Basic OLS estimation a) From the simple regression of smarks on an intercept and the variable â€Å"attl†, we find that attendance has a significant positive impact on performance1. The coefficient on attendance is close to 0.15 and has a t-stat value of 4.33>1.96, which is the 5% critical value for the t distribution under the null hypothesis that the coefficient is insignificant, i.e., is not statistically significantly different from zero. Additionally the intercept takes a value of 52.91 implying that the condi tional mean of â€Å"smarks† is 52.91 for students who have a zero attendance rate for lectures. This value is significant at the 5% level as well (t-stat value 19.06>1.96). However, the adjusted R-squared value is only 0.06 implying that only 6% of the variation of performance can be explained in terms of variations in lecture attendance rates. Therefore, the model fit is poor. b) Inclusion of ability and hours studied (hrss) leads to the impact of attendance rate falling to approximately 0.13 from 0.15, but the

Mess at the stadium Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mess at the stadium - Essay Example In this case, it can be noted that James and Christopher triggered the pandemonium that broke at the stadium when they blew their vuvuzelas after their team, the Riders had scored. Hundreds of supporters were killed and others injured while Christopher and James were among those who lost their lives. The grandmother, mother and father of the boys subsequently suffered from nervous shock (psychiatric injury). Against this background, this essay seeks to describe while giving reasons the approach that can be taken by a High Court judge towards claims of nervous shock by the affected people in view of the cases that are going to be analysed below. In view of this case of Dulieu v White [1901] 2 KB 669 which involved a pregnant barmaid who suffered severe shock after the defendant’s servant drove negligently into the public house, it can be noted that the High Court upheld her claim. The case involving the grandmother, mother and father of the boys may as well be upheld in as far as claims for nervous shock are concerned. In this case, the defendants are the police officers who had a duty to safeguard the interests of the soccer fans who were packed in the stadium. The subsequent pandemonium that killed hundreds of people while injuring others was not a result of their negligent behaviour. In actual fact, the horses were frightened by the noise of vuvuzelas that were blown by James and Christopher. It can be noted that these two boys are the ones who triggered the situation that resulted in loss of life of innocent people including themselves. Indeed, the defendant has a duty not to frighten the plaintiff by his negligence whereby it can be noted that the blame does not lie in the police but in the boys’ action that frightened the horses. If it was not because of their action, this disaster could not have happened. It the case of Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police [1992] 1 AC 310 concerned a FA Cup semi-final match at Hillsborough Stad ium, between Nottingham Forest and Liverpool in April 1989, at which 96 people were killed and over 400 physically injured in a crush caused by negligent crowd control by the police. To a certain extent, it can be said that the conduct by the police in controlling the crowd in the case involving James and Christopher was negligent given that there is wild cheering when another team scores especially with regards to big matches and the police should always be watchful for such incidences. In the first place, they allowed the boys to get into the stadium with vuvuzelas which meant that they could be blown. The failure to control their horses amounts to negligent behaviour since people watching matches are over excited at times. Thus, only parents and spouses might claim for nervous shock and the claimants in this case can show a â€Å"sufficiently proximate† relationship to the person killed or injured as can be noted from their closeness with the deceased. McFarlane v EE Caled onia Ltd [1994] 2 All ER 1 involves a plaintiff who has witnessed colleagues dying in agony following an oil rig explosion. However, the court of appeal applied the rule by the House of Lords in Alcock where the claim failed because the claimant was not a rescuer. In the same vein, the claims involving the mother and the grandmother may fail to materialise given that they just watched the situation unfolding on television and they are not part of the rescue team. Somebody who physically experiences the action directly stands better chances of winning the claim since he will be part of the horrific events than someone merely watching from a distance. The mother and the grandmother are not even closer to the scene since they are just watching the events on television while at home. As far as the above case is concerned, the claim by these two may not materialise since they are not directly involved especially in rescuing the affected people who have been injured in the stampede that e nsued after the police horses have been frightened by the noise of the vuvuzelas and ran amok causing

Milgram Study findings and importance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Milgram Study findings and importance - Essay Example Milgram experiment involved three main characters, namely the experimenter (E), the subject or the teacher (T) and the learner (L). The experimenter (authority) and the recipient or the learner plays some secret roles, not to be known by the subject. The subject is made to believe that for every wrong answer the recipient is subjected to some electric shock, however, in reality; the learner was never subjected to such punishments. The learner who should be an actor plays some pre-corded sound to convince the subject that he/ she actually receives the electric shock. The teacher and learner are put in two separate rooms where they do not see each other, but can communicate to each other. The teacher is provided with some words to teach the learner. The teacher was made to read the initial pair of words then enables the learner to predict the possible match, the teacher also reads for possible answers; then the learner gave his/ her feedback by pressing a certain button to select the correct answer. The teacher would then execute some electric shock to the learner, for every wrong feedback, the shock increased by about 15 volts as the test progressed. However, could the learner give the correct answer, the subject moved to the next question (Walton, 2009). The learner could complain about the heart condition to convince the subject that he/she is receiving an actual electric shock. Furthermore, he banged the wall as a response to the shock stimuli. A subject was expected to stop the test after subjecting about 140 volts to the learner. It was at t his juncture that the subject would actually inquire what the experiment was about. Some subjects offered to continue with the test only after assurance that they would not be held accountable for all the damages on the learner, some laughed it off while some were stressed or depressed on learning that the learner is actually hurt. At some point, the subject wished to stop out of moral belief that the learner was in actual pain, but the experimenter or the authority would order him/her to continue. However, the experiment was stopped should the subject make four or five successive attempts to stop or after subjecting 450 volts of electric shock to the learner, on three successive operations. The experimenter would always assure the subject that the learner would not suffer any permanent tissues damage; hence he was to continue until the learner learnt all the words. To ascertain the result of the experiment, Milgram selected about 100 senior psychology students to determine the response among the 100 subjects or hypothetical teachers. It was found that only three su bjects out of the hundred would continue with the experiment, until the maximum voltage of 450volts was executed to the learner (Moore, 2004). Milgram also selected about forty psychiatrists who ascertained that majority of subjects would quit the test after subjecting the learner to a ten successive shock executions. They also found out that after reaching 300 volts, most subjects would stop the test once requested by the learners, and only three out of the hundred subjects would continue with the test even after the learner stopped responding to the questions, out of the pain from electric shock. It was clear the very few subjects were willing to execute full voltage to the learner, out of moral beliefs. Furthermore, at some point majority of subjects inquired the implication of the experiment, and were willing to give back the amount they were paid. This was out of pity or remorse to the inflicted learners. Subjects demonstrated some degree of stress and depression during the exp erimental session. The majority was sweating, groaning, biting their lips

Description of the Market and Market Metrics Essay

Description of the Market and Market Metrics - Essay Example The SMEs chosen for the product are located in good numbers and they may require this product to have better communication with their partners and clients. The government organizations have been chosen, to convince the authorities who will recommend or approve the products usage. This will help in promoting the product among government and the related organizations. Large corporate organizations in the Rift Valley Region need to reduce their running costs and one of the ways they can do so is by having a reliable and cost effective means of doing their regular essential forms of business communication. Capturing this market will increase the product value and make it more sellable. The fourth market chosen is the education sector. It has been chosen as a target market as one of the ways to help the government achieve its goals on education for all (EFA) by taking e-learning to their homes. SMEs have been chosen as one of the targeted markets because the Rift Valley Region of Kenya is the largest and one of the most economically vibrant provinces. It has a good number of Small and Medium Enterprises running businesses in this area. The government of Kenya has good intentions in advancing it’s style of working. It intends to adapt to more technological methods that will enhance the speed, quality and reliability of work between its various offices. Thus the Kenyan government could extend a warm welcome to this new Telecon software which is capable of revolutionizing the working system of the government authorities. The large corporate organizations present in the Rift valley region are situated sparsely and they need new technologies to improve their performance. The are corporate with good financial background, they intend to increase their profit with the aid of new communication methods like Telecon. In the

Milgram Study findings and importance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Milgram Study findings and importance - Essay Example Milgram experiment involved three main characters, namely the experimenter (E), the subject or the teacher (T) and the learner (L). The experimenter (authority) and the recipient or the learner plays some secret roles, not to be known by the subject. The subject is made to believe that for every wrong answer the recipient is subjected to some electric shock, however, in reality; the learner was never subjected to such punishments. The learner who should be an actor plays some pre-corded sound to convince the subject that he/ she actually receives the electric shock. The teacher and learner are put in two separate rooms where they do not see each other, but can communicate to each other. The teacher is provided with some words to teach the learner. The teacher was made to read the initial pair of words then enables the learner to predict the possible match, the teacher also reads for possible answers; then the learner gave his/ her feedback by pressing a certain button to select the correct answer. The teacher would then execute some electric shock to the learner, for every wrong feedback, the shock increased by about 15 volts as the test progressed. However, could the learner give the correct answer, the subject moved to the next question (Walton, 2009). The learner could complain about the heart condition to convince the subject that he/she is receiving an actual electric shock. Furthermore, he banged the wall as a response to the shock stimuli. A subject was expected to stop the test after subjecting about 140 volts to the learner. It was at t his juncture that the subject would actually inquire what the experiment was about. Some subjects offered to continue with the test only after assurance that they would not be held accountable for all the damages on the learner, some laughed it off while some were stressed or depressed on learning that the learner is actually hurt. At some point, the subject wished to stop out of moral belief that the learner was in actual pain, but the experimenter or the authority would order him/her to continue. However, the experiment was stopped should the subject make four or five successive attempts to stop or after subjecting 450 volts of electric shock to the learner, on three successive operations. The experimenter would always assure the subject that the learner would not suffer any permanent tissues damage; hence he was to continue until the learner learnt all the words. To ascertain the result of the experiment, Milgram selected about 100 senior psychology students to determine the response among the 100 subjects or hypothetical teachers. It was found that only three su bjects out of the hundred would continue with the experiment, until the maximum voltage of 450volts was executed to the learner (Moore, 2004). Milgram also selected about forty psychiatrists who ascertained that majority of subjects would quit the test after subjecting the learner to a ten successive shock executions. They also found out that after reaching 300 volts, most subjects would stop the test once requested by the learners, and only three out of the hundred subjects would continue with the test even after the learner stopped responding to the questions, out of the pain from electric shock. It was clear the very few subjects were willing to execute full voltage to the learner, out of moral beliefs. Furthermore, at some point majority of subjects inquired the implication of the experiment, and were willing to give back the amount they were paid. This was out of pity or remorse to the inflicted learners. Subjects demonstrated some degree of stress and depression during the exp erimental session. The majority was sweating, groaning, biting their lips

Simulation Based Learning in Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Simulation Based Learning in Nursing - Essay Example Simulation is a new technology wherein you can practice your skills and knowledge on a simulated set up similar to the actual set up such as an operating room. Using a life size mannequin the training will be done base on the actual situation. The purpose of this study is to be able to compare the pre and post patient outcome training using the simulation as well as give pre and post test to the groups on training. The crisis team training may include healthcare professionals who are usually involve in crisis management. Nurses play an important role in crisis management. Technology is now the key factor in order to have an effective crisis management. Below is my proposal of how the training will undergo using simulation. Clinical simulation in crisis management training allows trainees to learn more than just clinical skills. Through role playing during crisis scenarios and detailed debriefing sessions, trainees can discover and gain useful insights into the various errors contributing to the initiation and evolution of a medical crisis. They can also learn other skills that are essential in managing a medical crisis, such as resource utilization, communication skills, teamwork, and leadership skills. David Kolb's Experiential Learning: Experience as the source of learning and development (1984) theorized that four combinations of perceiving and processing determine four learning styles that make up a learning cycle.

United States Constitution Essay Example for Free

United States Constitution Essay By the 1850’s the Constitution, originally framed as an instrument of national unity, had become a source of sectional discord and tension and ultimately contributed to the failure of the union it has created. This was shown by interpretations of the constitution and other documents when the constitution was assorted together. It is known that the union did not last, for there was the Civil War. If everyone could agree on what the constitution implied, then there probably would not have been a civil war. From several of the documents, there are arguments about what the constitution states. Document E), â€Å"To the Argument, that the word ‘slaves’ and ‘slavery’ are not to be found in the Constitution, and therefore it was never intended to give any protection or countenance to the slave system, it is sufficient to reply, that no such words are continued in the instrument, other words were used, intelligently and specifically, to meet the necessities of slavery. † This indicates that the constitution can be interpreted differently, and when used with other documents, it can be incongruous. The Constitution can be interpreted in many different ways, which leads to sectional discord and tension. For many reasons, the South did not like what the constitution said. There were many conflictions with the compromise of 1850, map shown in (Document A) and the fugitive slave act. Certain Northerners were against slavery and the fugitive slave act that they even posted warnings for the slaves. (Document C). This fugitive slave act also helped drive the tension deeper into the United States. With drama now rumbling in the American underbellies, the small weight of anything slightly bad could set off a secession bomb. A freesoiler does not want to spread slavery, but he is okay with keeping it in a state it is already in. When the idea of popular sovereignty came about with the compromise of 1850, map shown in (Document A), those freesoilers in office were pushed harder into complex decisions over the popular sovereignty issue. All of the tension gathering, even authors were predestining the civil war. Ralph Waldo Emerson believed that the Constitution was a contradictory. (Document D). The Constitution continued to bring national unity until the 1850s, but later, a series of resolutions raised a great confusion about the view of the Constitution concerning slavery. At this time, the law encouraged a growing split between the North and the South.

Industrial Design And Engineering Design Cultural Studies Essay

Industrial Design And Engineering Design Cultural Studies Essay This paper gathers views in the literature on design thinking and representation of design processes from the point of view of industrial design and engineering design. The paper conducts a critical review of texts dealing with differences and similarities in design processes in the field of industrial design as opposed to engineering design, with particular attention to the elements of creativity in product design. The design of a consumer electrical appliance such as a hair dryer and the larger dimensions of car design are areas where what an industrial designer might do and what a design engineer might do can be usefully compared and contrasted. The paper goes on to survey the field of product design from a different perspective, that of art. It takes up the challenge to traditional design by the Bauhaus movement in Germany in the1920s to 1930s, and the Memphis movement of the 19760s to 1980s. It is a valid question, apart from the how of product design, to ask whether new movements or initiatives might easily change the what of the design world, and through emphasis on fashion and style both industrial designers and engineering designers might find themselves creating new, more creative patterns and products. Background The combined shortage of designers and demands of manufacturers led to criticism of industry by such designers as William Morris and John Ruskin who could see that separation of design from the processes of production had influenced esthetic quality (Haskett 1977). This paper explains how industrial design focuses on user interface and esthetic quality. At the same time engineering design has become a key element in product design, applying engineering principles to developing components, systems and processes to meet specific needs. A concept of an artisan, craftsperson, who is totally free to invent art forms and create designs, with no restriction, is not reflected in the history of art and craft, whether in Europe or in Asia. There is the economic restriction that there must be a user who purchases the work or supports the craftsperson; and it should be kept in mind that craft requires a properly equipped workplace and usually workers. There is the social reality of the acceptance of the work of a craftsperson and the general estimation of its value. Thus in focusing on the inseparability of invention and execution as it may be applied to design, the anachronistic idea of individualism need not be introduced in order to understand the creative process. A key condition is the ability of craft to produce the designs that emerge. Technology has, essentially, made that a very possible prospect. Further, in terms of a reciprocal effect of design on craft, the use of computerised design and the production of computer software to meet designers demands, along with the common feedback effect on production of new computer hardware, can mean that craft and design can contribute to each other. The Collins English Dictionary defines technology as the application of practical sciences to industry or commence, or the total knowledge and skills available to any human society for industry, art, science, etc. (1995). Barras (1986) has argued that the typical course of development in services has been from process innovation and focus on the new product design and market, then moving to achieving economies of scale and low costs. The decline of the traditional craft apprenticeship system meant that craftspeople became more familiar with others in in terior, industrial, theatre and product design, and with architecture, fashion, and performance art (Margetts 1989, pp.9-10). Although an industrial-design profession did not exist in the late nineteenth century, the architect Frank Lloyd Wright articulated its principles in 1901 by advising artists create prototypes for factory reproduction rather than to produce craft work. After 1900, manufacturers tried to give new form to electrical appliances, cars and other new technologies. In the 1920s, some decorators took up French modern styles, and Art Deco was adopted in the late 1920s. The Bauhaus school of art and design, closed by the Nazi regime in 1933, established a relationship between design and industrial techniques as well as between fine and applied arts (Chilvers Glaves-Smith). From there, there has been rapid growth in the design of manufactured products. Henry Fords rigid standardization, interchangeable parts, and special-purpose machine tools complemented Fords introduction of the assembly line in 1913, resulting in vastly increased production volume and relentless cost reduction. Global competition in the 1980s and 1990s impelled designers to give form to the hardware and software of the information age. Quality became a key criterion also (Volti 2005). Affective design that is able to translate human affections into product design specifications has been widely accepted as an effective tool for product development. It enables designers to identify product features that can meet consumer needs to feel satisfied with a product. Affective design knowledge can help designers improve product design (Zhai et al. 2009). Environmentally friendliness of consumer products is another aspect of design, but it has been observed that consumers need to be reminded of ecological issues when actually using the product. It is worth noting that it is a holistic, life-cycle-based analysis that will enable the designer to assess the environmental impact of design options: environmental damage can occur as toxic emissions during production, energy consumption during use, or toxic waste during disposal (Saue et al. 2002). As far as the larger environment is concerned, the US electrical industry has contributed played a part in the use of consumer goods ( Carlson 2001). Design encompasses these issues. Industrial Design Industrial design may be defined as The ideation, specification, and development of functions, properties and concepts of industrially manufactured products and systems, mainly regarding aspects of user-products interaction, aesthetics and identity considering a totality of ergonomic, usability, technical, economic and social factors (Warell 1999). Industrial designers are concerned with communicating the quality and function of a product as well as the reputation of the manufacturer object by visual means. The product should be easy, comfortable and safe to use (Dieter 1991, p.111). The industrial designer emphasises the user and the purpose of the product; its esthetic nature, including not only style and appearance but what the product will convey to the owner in emotional terms; and product identity, which may apply to strategic positioning within a specific market and linkages with other products. In the design process the designer has considerable freedom to decide on how an optimal result is achieved (Green Bonollo 2004). This illustrates the way in which creativity informs industrial design. Design is a part of product planning and development that come from the business strategy of the client company and are marketed and distributed in order to await success at the hands of the consumer (Cross 2000, p.198). Analysis of features of competing products, the use of benchmarking, or research into user needs and preferences may take place. Specifications may be elaborated and concepts critically examined (Green Bonollo 2004). Conceptualisation refers to highlights in the creative process. Synectics is a group technique which draws on analogical thinking, identifying parallels between apparently dissimilar topics (Dieter 1991, p.113). A process of rough visualisation through sketching may follow. At some point an industrial designer will have a basic idea of the concept to be embodied in the product-how it works, the overall shape and so on. In this phase the schemes are worked up in greater detail and, if there is more than one, a final choice between them is made. The end product is usually a set of general arrangement drawings. There is (or should be) a great deal of feedback from this phase to the conceptual design phase (Cross 2000). Before selecting a concept, industrial designer needs to consider the availability of technology: if there is no existing technology that can be used for a design, the industrial designer will need to consult with engineering designer. Dorst (2003) argues that the interaction itself has to be designed: the industrial designer should use design techniques such as scenario-based design and storytelling to deal with this issue effectively. A Rapid Prototype model may be made in order to finalise design details. In addition, industrial designers may carry out styling, where components of style are built into their own designs. This can involve materials or techniques, environmental influences or social trends (Mayall 1967). Detailed design issues follow: component parts, nesting, packaging, shipping and marketing issues may be relevant. Colour and placement of the brand name are important (Cross 2000, p 32).Finally the industrial designer uses three-dimensional computer programs such as Solidworks to create actual size 3D models and engineering drawings to be used in production. Engineering Design Engineering design tends to relate to the technical operation of mechanized products rather than their esthetic characteristics. In the automobile industry, stylists were used at General Motors as intermediaries between the mechanical engineers and consumers. What these stylists did was to give cars a visual identity through the shape of the body, grille or dashboard design, or colour choices and interior fabrics (Woodham 2006, p.141). Engineering design is design with particular emphasis on the technical aspects of a product. It includes activities of analysis as well as synthesis. This definition broadly describes what engineering designers do. They may be concerned with aspects of engineering consideration that includes machine elements, solid mechanics, strength of materials, aerodynamics, fluid mechanics, hydraulics, electronics engineering, software and systems engineering, quality engineering, industrial economics and human-factors engineering (Warell 1999). A formal definition of engineering design is found in the curriculum guidelines of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). The ABET definition states that engineering design is the process of devising a system, component, or process to meet desired needs. It is a decision-making process (often iterative), in which the basic sciences, mathematics, and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective. Engineering design should be creative and use open-ended problems and modern design theory and methodology. The approach process of engineering design is more systematic and problem-focused than industrial design. Engineering design is a sequential process consisting of many design operations. It may include exploring the use of alternative systems, formulating a mathematical model of the best system concept, or specifying subsystem components. It could mean selecting a material from which to manufacturer a part (Birmingham et al. 1997). In the product planning and task verification phase, the roles of engineering designer and industrial designer are similar, though a particular concern of the engineering designer will be what the client requested. Conceptualisation for the engineering designer involves determining the elements and mechanisms to be used in the product. This will often involve formulating a model, either analytical or experimental (Dieter 1983). Before moving to the embodiment stage, it is important for the engineering designer to understand the strengths and weaknesses of mechanisms, concepts or material and be able choose the one most appropriate to the product function. An excellent technique to guide the designer in making the best decision is a scoring matrix, which forces a more penetrating study of each alternative against specified criteria (Haik 2003). Embodiment involves the clear determination of the physical processes which govern the main flows and conversions of material, energy, and information. This stage of engineering design includes building and testing experimental models. Dieter (1983) notes that this phase lays the basis for good detail design by means of a structured development of the design concept. Most of the time engineering design requires experimentation where a piece of hardware is constructed and tested to verify the concept and analysis of the design as to its work ability, durability, and performance characteristics. The design on paper is transformed into a physical reality. Three techniques of construction are available to the designer: the mock-up, generally constructed to scale from plastics, wood, cardboard, and so forth. It is often used to check clearance, assembly technique, manufacturing considerations, and appearance. It is the least expensive technique, provides the least amount of information, a nd is quick and relatively easy to build. The model is a mathematical representation of the physical system. The prototype is the most expensive experimental technique but the one producing the greatest amount of useful information (Haik 2003): In the detailed design stage, the engineering designer may find many complex interrelationships involved in the product. The quality and cost advantage of a product are determined by the level of quality detail. Manufacturing specialists may also be involved. This is now a tested and producible product. The arrangement, form, dimensions, tolerances and surface properties of all individual parts and the materials and manufacturing processes are all specified (Dieter 1983). Communication and preparation for production now follows a sequential flow of operations. Tooling and machinery are laid down. Production cost estimates will be available, but close collaboration with mechanical engineers is necessary and high costs could mean changes in materials and even in design. The colour of a car is usually applied as paint, but paint goes beyond merely esthetic and cosmetic features. Consumers and manufacturers have to face the fact that new investment in vehicles is extremely expensive, and consumers are not inclined to accept alternative or radical designs. Paint is a comparatively cheap way out of this, and plastic components are painted as well. Paint thus keeps the car looking good, but it no doubt inhibits the use of new alternative materials or new manufacturing initiatives in design this in turn could inhibit the extensive adoption of new and alternative materials (Nieuwenhuis et al. 2006). The engineer manages schedules and uses resources after research in the car industry. He or she is also participant and communicator of design. The desire to be more ecologically and environmentally aware has had a major influence on automobile design. Automobile design factors will need to be covered as a broad range rather than just by focusing on particular single consumer requirements. The car has to meet human needs but also to be environmentally friendly. This will entail: (1) technological support for automobile design, (2) product innovation for various automobile prototypes (low emission car, high efficiency car, friendly car, advanced safety car), and (3) design methodologies (e.g., CAD-CAE-CAM, real time simulations, rapid prototype systems, parameter design technologies) (Ardayfio 2000). Design innovation, often pushed by customer needs and expectations, enables companies to gain leadership in an extremely competitive global marketplace. But products need to go beyond customer expectations. Industrially also, innovation is needed to remain competitive (Ardayfio 2000). Art and Design Apart from the creativity of design, there is the excitement of design. Bertola (2003) argues that design is a multifunctional activity. It can take many forms to adapt to contextual infrastructures, that is different organizations and purposes. Design can act as a knowledge broker, flowing from outside to inside companies. Design, if it is seen as a knowledge process that can adapt, can also be seen as an opportunity to support innovation in a particular context. This paper began with reference to creativity in product design. Button (2000) takes up the concept of ethnography in relation to design. Ethnographical field work has tried to analyse foreign cultures from the inside, developing theories about exotic cultures. But design in a Western culture can also be seen in terms of ethnography. This is particularly so in the context of industrial design, whose origins are quite recent. Ethnomethodology suggests that it is just not possible to go beyond the knowledge possessed by members of a society about what they do. Whatever explication given by the ethnographer may not be of interest to design engineers, for example, but the substance of his or her report should be recognisable to them. From an anthropological or sociological point of view, there is some logic in this. However this paper, building on what has been said about industrial design and engineering design, argues a further point: that the concept of design as allied to art can eas ily be misplaced or forgotten in an organisational situation where the concern is to produce a product. A Bauhaus or Memphis, even a postmodernist initiative, may not emerge from a tunnel of emphasis on products as products. This is where product design, along with architecture, has a place in the overall scope of Design and Art. There is an imagination within the desire to produce something novel. This is a field that allows the operation of graphic art, and a sculptured three dimensional impression that includes the artifact as well as the common consumer purchases. If modernism and postmodernism are currents, then they may be described as floating currents because they are difficult to locate precisely. The two currents interact at some points. In art, modernism may be said to date from about 1860, and became an orthodox school in the 1920s. Modernism tended to stress form more than content and to reject traditional esthetic values. It was very influential until about 1960, and then postmodernism came into vogue. It has been related to poststructuralist writers Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault, whose writings embodied a radical relativism which was able to be used to deconstruct the status quo. It is important to note however that there have been 250 years of intellectual-literary-artistic alienation when from Rousseau onwards artists tried to stand aside from mainstream culture. Modernism and postmodernism are part of that overall movement (Murphey 1999). The Italian design group Memphis was a flash of artistic input to interior design. It is said to be part of postmodernism. The trend crystallized in Memphis was away from the decorative styles of the Arts and Crafts movement. Symbolism, pattern and of course ornament were relegated essentially to the modern era. The Bauhaus designs with their geometry dovetailed into a simplicity which in Italy focused on furniture design. The Memphis Group emerged. Austrian-born, Italian-educated Ettore Sottsass formed Memphis in 1981, with a loosely-formed group of designers. The designs that emanated out of the Memphis group included limited productions of unusual and functional designs, characterized by plastic laminated surfaces and bold colours and patterns.   The interpretation of the group has involved making a political statement: high and low classes should share perceptions and ideals. Meecham and Wood examine the proposition that as art itself has fundamentally changed in the modern period, so have ideas about it (1996, p.1). Postmodernism may be said to differ from modernism in that it returns art to a representation of the worldattempts to restore art to its external referencesRepresentational art is back, but it tends to be critical rather than celebratory, stressing bleak and shocking images rather than the beauty of nature or intimations of divine order (Veath quoted in Murphey, 1999). A group of designers of furniture and household accessories, who were known for erratic, illogical, avant-garde and anti-establishment style, Memphis in being concerning with juxtaposing reality infiltrated the world of the imagination, in a way that was deeper and different from the modern. There is a need to look back to compare with the modern, because in many ways this is a necessary context for the description of the postmodern. The Modernists had disliked decoration and colour, but Postmodernism used them with enthusiasm. Allegory, multi-historical and multi-cultural references came into new design. Memphis bad taste was an ironic bad taste. Pattern and ornament are characteristic of the works, just as they were alien to Modernism. The impression is kitsch, cheap and nasty materials, and bad taste throughout. Whether it is self-conscious or even self-mocking, the point is made that this is not modernism (Reed 1984). The bright and careless style of some of the Memphis design will have been trendy once, and some people will have worn them at some times. However these designs are bold and brazen. They seem directed to a middle class or intellectual section of society that likes to be overexpressive and does not care even if there are consequences for being like this. That is the impression I had, and that was the impression I gained from overhearing two possibly third year students who seemed to have generally quite mature attitudes on art. A group of designers of furniture and household accessories, who were known for erratic, illogical, avant-garde and anti-establishment style, Memphis in being concerning with juxtaposing reality infiltrated the world of the imagination, in a way that was deeper and different from the modern. There is a need to look back to compare with the modern, because in many ways this is a necessary context for the description of the postmodern. The Modernists had disliked decoration and colour, but Postmodernism used them with enthusiasm. Allegory, multi-historical and multi-cultural references came into new design. If accused of bad taste, Memphis would have said, Of course. Their bad taste was an ironic bad taste, but there was bad taste in their work. These attributes of Memphis no doubt related to its short-lived presence in the art world (Watson 2002). In a sense furniture design itself is an activity that can easily push against the boundaries of modernism, if only because small aspects of furniture design can jump past the outrageous modern stage into a stage which inverts and turns around artistic insights at will, lampooning commercial motives as it goes. The postmodern impulse that seems to be emerging from every joint is somehow trying to say, or saying, that this is something to sit on and it will probably hold you up, too, but you need to see it as something a little funny, a little amusing. Memphis asks not to be taken too seriously. This whimsical face of furniture design has a certain class aspect inasmuch as the poor and the working classes cannot afford to see their houses and what goes in them in terms of play. The question will be more often whether they can afford to buy furniture. Modern art and particularly postmodern art go beyond this basic complexion of need. Conclusion A striking thing that comes out of this survey of writing on the role of industrial design versus engineering design is the interdependence of the two. This may not mean an interrelated operation or a simultaneous operation involving the two aspects of engineering, but it is clear that to present an optimally designed product in the industrial sense means that it must work in the engineering sense. And engineering designers must be able to locate the device or consumer good within a framework of its production and ultimately its marketing and use. There are many articles on this issue that could have been referred to here, or summarised, or responded to in some way. However the coverage here is no doubt adequate to show how industrial and engineering designs are complementary. What has emerged most strikingly from the whole context of industrial design is its potential responsiveness to the culture in which it exists. It is possible to look back at various movements that have shaped the consumer products with which people are so familiar in their everyday lives, and where their parents have seen changes over the years. The Bauhaus, now a long time past, had a distinct and revolutionary approach to design. Memphis similarly had an avant garde approach which vanished into air. Whether such movements will resurface in some other form will probably not be the doing of the design engineer. But it may arise out of the imaginative design of the industrial designer. It may also arise as a resolution of forces in society that may flow conservatively for a time and then suddenly change direction. This can affect everyday objects-the hair dryer, the car, the television set, the computer and so on. It has certainly affected the miniaturised communication device, the m obile telephone. The fuel consuming, polluting yet status symbolic institution of the automobile will no doubt respond to pressures to change. There is an art in design that over time is likely to surface in different ways and in different places. In this context, the industrial designer along with the design engineer is likely to be closely involved.

Analysis Of Amy Lowells Poem A Decade :: essays research papers fc

Analysis of Amy Lowell’s Poem “A Decade';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In “A Decade,'; a poem by Amy Lowell, the reader is shown how a lover’s attitude can go from infatuation at first to just predictability and love. In this poem Lowell uses imagery and similes to elaborate on the feelings of the speaker towards his/her lover. In the beginning of the relationship the speaker is infatuated with the lover, and Lowell expresses this infatuation through the use of a simile in line one when comparing the lover to “red wine and honey';. As the relationship goes on deeper into the decade a comparison between the lover and “morning bread'; is made in line three, showing the reader that instead of being like “red wine and honey'; in the beginning, which burnt the speaker’s mouth with sweetness, now the lover is perceived as being “smooth and pleasant';.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The speaker of the poem could either be male or female, who is in love with someone and has been with that person for a decade. The speaker is telling the one that he/she loves how the feelings have gone from just being infatuated with them to being “nourished'; by them. The tone of the poem is hard to describe; it is actually the “lovey dovey'; feeling that should come to the reader while reading this poem. The poem has no set rhyme scheme, and is six lines long in one stanza.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Following, is my paraphrase of the poem. When we first met you were sharp and sweet And when we kissed it burnt my mouth because I wanted you so. Now that it has been a few years you are still pleasant and smooth. I really don’t pay attention to how you taste, now I know you too well. You complete me. Thorne 3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the poem “A Decade'; by Amy Lowell, she tells the reader how feelings go from being wild and crazy to being second nature to the speaker.

Barbados Essay -- Geography History Island Barbados Essays

Barbados GEOGRAPHY Barbados is the eastern most island of the Caribbean, located in the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Venezuela (13 10 N, 59 32 W). It is considered a â€Å"Coral Island† due to its vast coral shore beaches that surround the perimeter of the island. Overall, Barbados is 430 square kilometers, with 97 kilometers being coastline area. The circumference is approximately 55 miles around, and has a pear-like shape to it. Length and width wise, Barbados is 21 miles and 13 miles respectively. In Comparatively speaking, Barbados is 2.5 times the size of Washington D.C. Geologically, Barbados is actually 2 large masses of build up of coral on sedimentary rocks, that have formed the island over thousands of years. The terrain is relatively flat, but rises gently to the central highland region of the island. Along the coastline, the elevation is at it’s lowest (zero meters). Mount Hillaby is the highest peak on Barbados at 336 meters above sea level (1,147 feet). The climate in Barbados is tropical. It is often sunny, and there is about 3,000 sun hours annually. Trade winds constantly sweep across the island, keeping the temperature rather comfortable. Temperatures are very stable throughout the entire year. In January, the average high temperature is 83 °F, and the average low is 70 °. In July, the average high temperature is 86 °F, while the average low is 74 °F. Despite the constant winds, hurricanes infrequently hit Barbados. Occasional landslides are the only natural disasters that plaque the island. The west coast of Barbados is often referred to as the â€Å"Platinum Coast†. It is renowned for the clear warm waters that lap gently on the beach’s gold and white sands and massive coral reefs. The... ...p Over a Centerpiece of Barbados Culture. The Toronto Sun. p. T6 King, John. (2003, August 8). Melody: A festival to fight for, guys. Retrieved on April 13, 2004. from [www.barbadian.com]. Norton, Graham, (February 2002). Barbados: British empire in the miniature. History Today. 52 (2), 52. Retrieved March 2, 2004, from Expanded Academic Database. Parliament of Barbados. (April 30, 2004). Retrieved March, 30, 2004, from www.parliamentbarbados.gov.bb The Abbreviated History of Barbados. Retrieved March 2, 2004, from http://www.barbados.org/history1.htm U.S. Department of State. (August 2002). Background Notes: Barbados. Retrieved March 2, 2004, from http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26507.htm World Fact Book, (December 18, 2003). Barbados. Retrieved on April 13, 2004, from [http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/bb.html].

The Wonders of Planet Earth

‘The perpetual cycle of change which has created the face of the Earth, with all its rugged and Fascinating variety usually happens too slowly to be noticed. But occasionally it is rapid and Violent. Volcanoes disgorge molten lava, earthquakes rip open the landscape, landslides, carry away Whole mountainsides. Then human beings become aware of the awesome forces that are shaping Their planet. These forces are fuelled by three powerful sources of energy – heat from within the Earth, heat from the Sun, and the force of gravity.Every landform in the world has been shaped by these ttu. ee energy sources. ‘the continents that drift across the surface of the globe, setting off volcanoes and earthquakes and Building mountains. are driven by heat from the Earth's interior which has a temperature of about 5000†³C (9000'F). Most of this heat is created by the breakdown of radioactive elements. Earth is unique among the planets of the Solar System in having liquid water on the surface and water has a major role in shaping the planet.The warmth of the Sun evaporates water from seas and lakes. The vapor rises and condenses to form clouds and then falls again as rain and snow. It is then that its landscaping powers begin, weathering rocks and washing away the loose material. or grinding down the landscape under the power of a glacier. The Sun's heat also produces the rain and the waves that scour the land. The third force – gravity – causes the tides, which nibble away at the edges of continents, and landslides. hich alter the shape of mountains. Under the influence of gravity. rain works its way downwards as streams and rivers, carving the terrain. On its journey, it carries fragments of rock and sand to be deposited on the ocean floor. And over thousands of years more rock which may then be buckled and lifted up by movement of the Earth's crust to form new mountains. {source: Readers Digest, Discovering the Wonders of our World A guide to natures Sciences marvels]

Do you find any of the arguments for cognitivism convincing? Essay

Cognitivism, also referred to as moral realism, is a belief held that morality is independent of human existence. Cognitivists will state that there are such things as moral facts which we can discover, rather than morals being subjective and developed individually. To them, each judgment is true or false, and this applies to any moral judgment. I believe that rationalism and naturalism can easily be dismissed as implausible, illogical and inhuman. Kant’s cold, calculated approach to ethics is irony of the highest degree, whilst Hume, Mill and Aristotle’s strict moral principles undermine our human fallacies at the foundation. They make too much of an attempt to define ‘good’ (which surely is indefinable, just as â€Å"red† or â€Å"four† cannot be defined, only represented). For this reason, I prefer G. E. Moore’s theory of Consequentialist Intuitionism. His belief that morals are intuited seems a lot more human to us, but it still has a lot of shortfalls. Overall, cognitivism has many more weaknesses than strengths, as I shall discuss. It is, first of all, important to define cognitivism and moral realism. The beliefs state that morality is not invented, but discovered through various means (depending on the theory). Morals are objective, and part of our world, not part of us as human beings. There are moral facts which we must adhere to, and all moral judgments can be true or false. There is always a ‘right’ or ‘wrong.’ The first of the cognitivist theories is that of rationalism, and is most commonly associated with Prussian philosopher Immanuel Kant. He states that â€Å"reason by itself and independently of all appearances commands what ought to happen† (1), i.e. we can perceive what is right or wrong purely through reason. He believes that every moral judgment should be made using our reason, and that it will always provide the ‘right’ course of action. This follows Kant’s idea of a ‘categorical imperative,’ which is what we are required to do in a certain situation. This creates a kind of set Moral Law based on universalised maxims, which basically means that an action can only be right if it can be universalised. This, according to Kant, leads to a perfect moral system. To his favour, the theory is very simple to understand, and in many ways it is logical, but from there on it raises more questions than it answers. First of all, how can morals possible be independent? If we are to know them a priori, then where does this knowledge come from? It is ludicrous to assume that this knowledge of the moral law appears from nowhere. Arthur Schopenhauer raised this point in his critique of Kant’s moral theory: Kant attempted to give a foundation to Ethics independent of this will, and establish it without metaphysical hypotheses, and there was no longer any justification for taking as its basis the words † thou shalt,† and † it is thy duty † (that is, the imperative form), without first deducing the truth thereof from some other source.† (2) This very well asks this question. Another very large issue with Kant’s theory is his intense focus on reason. I disagree strongly with this. How can moral decisions be made in a complete absence of emotion? Surely emotions and feelings form the basis of our judgments? Schopenhauer illustrates the impossibility of a â€Å"loveless doer of good, who is indifferent to the sufferings of other people† (2). This seems like a very obvious fallacy, and I agree with it. It completely undermines the whole point of morality, for surely one can appreciate the absurdity of a â€Å"loveless doer of good.† Where does this categorical duty arise from, if not emotion? Reason does not motivate man, it guides him. Emotions drive man to perform action, but Kant completely overlooks this, even though fellow rationalist David Hume (who Kant once claimed â€Å"awoke him from his dogmatism†) makes this point: â€Å"Reason is, and ought only to be, the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them.† (3) Overall, Kant’s rationalism is a very weak theory (not unlike the bulk of his work, I daresay), and I completely disagree with every single part of it. How this theory is even being discussed in today’s society, let alone in the 16th/17th Century leaves me in the dark. It is not even worth considering as a moral theory, and should be dismissed from consideration immediately. The second theory is less specific, referring more to several similarly-aimed theories, rather than just one. These theories are John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism and Aristotle’s Theory of Virtue in particular. Naturalism is a theory that focuses on ‘good’ as natural properties. This can be a multitude of things. John Stuart Mill said that â€Å"the creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness.† (4) This means, in essence, that happiness is the ultimate good. Obviously, happiness is a natural principle, and therefore it makes Utilitarianism a naturalistic theory. Aristotle’s virtue theory is somewhat different. It refers to set virtues that must be followed in order to reach the Highest Happiness, which is fulfillment of one’s function as a human being. (5) This means that Aristotle’s definition of ‘good’ is to fulfill the function of your soul, which involves living a virtuous life. In general, these theories seem quite sensible, as naturalistic properties are a logical place to start within morality. Unfortunately, there is one very major problem which G.E. Moore pointed out, and it is known as the Naturalistic Fallacy. This fallacy describes how one cannot possibly define ‘good’, just as you cannot define ‘blue’ or ‘six’. They are purely concepts we assign to certain things, not objective definites. Moore said that â€Å"‘Good’ is one of those innumerable objects of thought which are themselves incapable of definition, because they are the ultimate terms by reference to which whatever is capable of definition must be defined.† (6) Obviously the naturalistic theories attempt to make sense of ‘good’ by definition, and that is the most obvious problem with them. How can one possibly say that one thing in particular means ‘good?’ Surely it’s a matter of opinion, and entirely subjective? And, as with other cognitivist theories, there is the problem of objective morality. Where does this ‘happiness’ and these ‘virtues’ come from? Are they not subjective human inventions, not discoveries? Overall, this is also a very weak theory, although it does have some stronger points than rationalism. However, I disagree with this theory as well; since it offers a strict approach to ethics and makes us define ‘good’, which I think defeats the whole object of morality. The third and final theory is also, in my opinion, the strongest. G.E. Moore devised this theory as retaliation the naturalists. He draws inspiration from their committing of the naturalistic fallacy and proposes a completely different cognitive theory. Moore, in his Principia Ethika (6), states that there is no need to define ‘good’ (see quote above). Our intuition reveals what is right or wrong without the need for a set ‘good.’ As an empiricist and a consequentialist, Moore believed that one could intuit, through experience, what the right decision would be in a moral judgment. Intuition would help us discover the objective morals and use them correctly. The right application was to find â€Å"friendship†, according to Moore. W.D. Ross took an interesting approach and turned this on its head, defining it instead as a deontological theory. In his most famous work, The Right and the Good, he said that â€Å"the moral order†¦is just as much part of the fundamental nature of the universe (and†¦of any possible universe in which there are moral agents at all) as is the spatial or numerical structure expressed in the axioms of geometry or arithmetic.† (7) Basically, he states that the morals are part of the universe itself, and that we don’t need experience to interpret it, we need only our intuition, which will tell us them directly. Although this theory is a lot more human and obvious to us, and is the strongest of the three theories, it stills falls short, and is a fairly weak theory. Isn’t Moore’s suggestion of ‘friendship’ a thinly veiled attempt at definition of ‘good’, or at the very least a specific instruction? Not especially ‘intuiti ve.’ Also, where do we intuit these morals from? Sorely morality in general cannot be objective (which, granted, is a problem with cognitivism, not specifically intuitionism). Again, this is a weak theory, even though it prevails over the other two. In the end, cognitivism as a whole is not especially useful as a guide as to where morals come from. I stated earlier that cognitivism has many more weaknesses than strengths, and I displayed that through my various condemnations of the theories individually, and also of cognitivism as a whole. Surely morality cannot be objective? Isn’t the whole point of morals the fact that they are individual and developed subjectively? Surely there would be no moral disagreement if they in fact were objective, but that is obviously not the case. No, the answer lies in the direct counterpart of cognitivism, non-cognitivism. Morality is for certain subjective, as it is part of our human nature to form opinions based on emotion and preference, not in principles which are apparently entwined in this world we live in. Cognitivism, as a whole, is completely useless in terms of moral analysis and I completely and utterly disagree with all it states. Bibliography 1. Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork on the Metaphysics of Morals. 1785. 2. Schopenhauer, Arthur. On the Basis of Morality. 1837. 3. Hume, David. A Treatise of Human Nature. 1739. 4. Mill, John Stuart. Utilitarianism. 1861. 5. Aristotle. Ta Ethika. 6. Moore, G.E. Principia Ethica. 1903. 7. Ross, W. D. The Right and the Good. 1930.